Counter-Sanctions Measures of Iran and Venezuela to Overcome Restrictions on Oil Exports

Abstract

The relevance of the article is determined by the unprecedented sanctions imposed against Russia by the United States, EU countries, and a number of other unfriendly countries, which have signifi cantly changed the conditions for conducting foreign economic activity for Russian business entities. The article analyzes the counter-sanctions measures used by Iran and Venezuela, whose revenues from oil exports make up a large share of the state budget. The obtained results could be used in the practice of Russian companies to overcome sanctions restrictions.